Whether you are new to the industry or are well seasoned and want to review some of the basic information that you learned in the past, these courses and lessons will clearly outline what you are looking for. “Power Systems Electric” is On-Line training that bridges the gaps between textbook theories and practical power systems experience. As a retired electrical engineer who has gone through the experience of developing a career in electrical power systems, I know how frustrating it can be to try and find the answers, so I put together these courses that I feel would have been a major help to me in my development. I have also taken suggestions from students of what they would like to see in addition to these courses which I have given live in person.
Basic Electrical Learning
For those new to the industry, there is a beginner’s group of courses that cover the “Fundamentals of Electricity” including DC and AC Circuit Analysis. These lessons examine such basics as Ohm’s Law, Series, and Parallel Circuits. The first, and perhaps most important, relationship between current, voltage, and impedance, “Ohm’s Law”, and its relevance to Series and Parallel Circuits. Subsequently, this will lead to the development of Kirchhoff’s Laws as they help to further analyze Network Analysis & Metering Circuits.
Conductors and Insulators are investigated along with their connected components, Capacitors, Inductors, and how they are influenced by Electromagnetism.
Alternating Current (AC – an electric current that periodically reverses direction) is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans, and electric lamps into a wall socket.
The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as they are applied to current or voltage.
These AC courses deal specifically with sinusoidal waveforms and will provide the student with the basic understanding of working with circuits involving Alternating Current, which includes sinusoidal waveforms, vectors & phasors, reactance & impedance of R,L,C circuits, as they relate to the basic laws and theorems of electricity. This includes working with AC Power, Power Factor, Resonance, Complex Numbers, Reactance, and Impedance
Advanced Electrical Learning
These Courses involve subjects such as “Short Circuit Analysis for HV Three-Phase Systems” which introduces the student to the basic concepts of fault studies on a high voltage three-phase system. System modeling is then used in order to aid in this process, with the ability to move between asymmetrical and symmetrical systems. With hey Searle and extensive study of “Per Phase” & “Per Unit” methodologies system faults are analyzed with the use of symmetrical components.
“A Per-Unit System” is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other.
In these courses, you will learn exactly what Per Unit Analysis is, the main advantages of using it, how manufacturers of equipment use and rate their products, and the technique of converting to and from the Per Unit system.
Several examples of working with Per Unit are demonstrated in this crisp clear presentation. When you finish you will have a though understanding of this subject.
It is important for all power engineers and technicians to be familiar with the concept of Per Unit as it is being used and referred to every day in power flow, short circuit evaluation, and motor starting studies.
The method of “Symmetrical Components” is used to simplify asymmetrical three-phase voltages and current analysis by converting the unbalanced system into two sets of balanced phasors and a set of single-phase phasors, or symmetrical components. These sets of phasors are called the positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
An understanding of this method is essential for the understanding of fault analysis and modern-day protection schemes. These courses will provide you with the knowledge to comprehend the concept and how it is applied.
Supplemental Electrical Lessons
In all power electrical analyses, the student will encounter special Trigonometric and Mathematical identities and equations. This site contains special supplemental lessons that zero in on those identities and equations. For example, there are lessons that take you from the “Fundamentals of Trigonometry” to the more sophisticated requirements in electrical engineering. As you work and study in electrical engineering you are going to run into proofs and equations that are based on trigonometry. A good example of this is when studying AC current, voltage, and impedance calculations, phasors or vectors are used and combined mathematically. Further adventures into complex power will also require a knowledge of trig functions and identities. As a student of this course, you will be introduced to these or at least re-introduced to these that may have been long since forgotten.
In mathematics, “The Derivative of a Function” of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value). Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus. For example, the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object’s velocity: this measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time advances.
Specialized Electrical Lessons
Specialized lessons include the “Protection & Control(P & C)” principles of high voltage stations. HV Bus Differential Protection is studied along with restrictions due to CT saturation & mismatch and its solution, “Restraint Differential Protection”.
High Voltage Circuit Breakers are examined as to the various Types (Oil, Vacuum, Air Blast, SF6), their Controls as well as the introduction of potential transformers & current transformers, and their use in conjunction with the relevant instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, and energy meters.
Other lessons include the study of “Transformers” including core construction along with losses, cooling, and mitigation techniques. Three-phase transformer configurations are studied along with harmonic distortion, CT saturation, and on-load tap-changer problems and how these problems are dealt with. Over-current and restraint differential transformer protection is developed along with a look at some examples of ” Old School relays” as well as modern IDE (intelligent Electrical Devices) relays.
Transformer Connections: (Y – Y; Delta – Delta; Y – Delta; Delta – Y & Y – Zag Zig) are examined along with Transformer Clock System Vector Nomenclature.
Lastly, there is a special section dedicated to “Single and Three-Phase Metering“, including old analog and new digital kilowatt-hour meters.
Conclusion
Regardless of whether or not you are new to the industrial power system, you’ll find what you’re looking for on this site in the way of training. In order to review or select any of these courses, left-click on any of the blue highlighted hyperlinked words of this posting or on “14 Courses Available” from the top menu of the landing page. All of the courses have a free introduction
As a bonus and in the way of a thank you, for your interest in PSPT’s WEB (and Blog) page, I’m making available my 50-page “Electrical Power” crib sheets. These were prepared for use with my courses that are available on this site. There is one section associated with each course and is extremely valuable while viewing the course, as well as a recall of the pertinent formulas and information after the fact. The contained information is also useful during any technical career as a quick reference from time to time. Simply click here or on the picture to the right to be taken to where you can download this item.
Blog #33 - Calculating Current Using the Superposition Theorem
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Calculate the value of the current through resistor R3 in this dc network using the superposition theorem. The superposition theorem states: In any linear network containing more than one source of electromotive force (emf) or current, the current through any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each source acting independently.
Because voltage source EB has no internal resistance, the source EB is replaced by a short circuit. The total resistance seen at EA…we will call it RTA = 100 + (100 || 100)…written out or expanded looks like this…100 + (100)(100)/(100 + 100) = 150 Ω
The total current flowing out of EA according to Ohm’s Law is ITA and…equal to 30/150…or 200 mA. From the current-divider rule, I3A = 200 mA/2 = 100 mA & I2A = 200 mA/2 = 100 mA.
Returning to our original circuit let's look at the contribution from Voltage source EB.
Because EA has no internal resistance, the EA source is replaced by a short circuit.
As you can see the circuit is symmetrical, so the resistance that the B power supply sees…call it, RTB…the total resistance at EB is also equal to 100 + (100 || 100)… which is 150 Ω therefore, ITB = EB/RTB = 15/150 = 100 mA. (keep in mind that the B power supply polarity is the opposite to the A power supply therefore the current will be flowing out in this direction).
From the current-divider rule, I2B & I3B = 100 mA/2 = 50 mA each.
The algebraic sum of the component currents I3A and I3B is used to obtain the true magnitude and direction of the current through R3, which is IR3 = I3A - I3B = 100 - 50 = 50 mA (in the direction of I3A).
The superposition theorem simplifies the analysis of a linear network having more than one source of emf. This theorem may also be applied in any network containing dc or ac sources of emf.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Anker SOLIX F2000 Generator.
To find out more about this battery generator and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to the anchor site at this web address…https://shrsl.com/4pplo… And by using this web address you can get $800 off the original price…. Or just browse through the various options on this site… There is no charge for just looking but you might find something that is available at a discounted price at this particular time.
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address,..https://bit.ly/47YB3vh… which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #32 - Calculation of a DC circuit using nodal analysis
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As part of my problem series in this video, I will be analyzing the two loop circuit with multiple resistors and 2 power supplies using nodal analysis. Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Calculate the current through each of the resistors in this DC circuit using Nodal Analysis or the branch-current method of solution.
I’m going to re-draw the circuit slightly just to make the node more obvious.
Step #1 Label the Circuit … all nodes. One of the nodes…node A, is chosen as the reference node. It can be thought of as a circuit ground, which is at zero voltage or ground potential.
Node B and node D are already known to be at the potential of the source voltages. The voltage at node C the voltage VC is unknown.
Let’s assume that VC > the voltage at node B and VC > the voltage at node D when all three currents are drawn arbitrarily… remember, these directions are arbitrary and may change depending on the outcome of the mathematics.
The direction of I1, I2, and I3 is assumed to be emanating from node C, and toward the reference node A.
Step #2 Write Kerckhoff's current law at Node C…I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
Step #3 Express Currents in Terms of Circuit Voltages Using Ohm’s Law
I1 = V1/R1 = (VC - 8)/2,
I2 = V2/R2 = (VC - 24)/1, and
I3 = V3/R3 = VC/4.
Substituting the current equations obtained in Step 3 into Kerckhoff’s Current Law of Step 2, we find I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 becomes
(VC - 8)/2 + (VC - 24)/1 + VC/4 = 0. removing the denominators by multiplying the equation by 4…
and removing the brackets…gives us this 2VC - 16 + 4VC - 96 + VC = 0
Bringing all of the unknowns to the left-hand side of the equation gives us…2VC + 4VC + VC = 112 which reduces to…this
7VC = 112 and this simple equation can be solved to obtain VC = 16 Volts.
Solving for the current is very simple… All we have to do is substitute 16 for the voltage VC…
in our equation for I1…we get 4 Amps and in our equation for I2…we get -8 Amps and in our equation for I3…we get 4 Amps
And not surprisingly we get the same answers that we have previously found for the currents. Noticed that for I2 we obtained an answer of -8 Amps which means we assume the wrong direction in the beginning and this means that this current is actually 8 Amps flowing in the other direction.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Anker SOLIX F2000 Generator.
To find out more about this battery generator and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to the anchor site at this web address…https://shrsl.com/4pplo...And by using this web address you can get $800 off the original price…. Or just browse through the various options on this site… There is no charge for just looking but you might find something that is available at a discounted price at this particular time.
Remember, this blog has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://bit.ly/47YB3vh…which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #31 - Loop or Mesh Analysis - analyzing a two loop circuit with multiple resistors and 2 power supplies.
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As part of my problem series in this blog, I will be analyzing a two loop circuit with multiple resistors and 2 power supplies.
Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at the WEB address shown.
Before proceeding I want to explain the three WEB addresses that you will be directed to using. You have already seen the first…https://stan.store/GVB…this is the web address of my Stan Store which will give you direct access to all of my electrical courses.
On the last page, you'll find an address that will direct you to obtain the 50-page crib sheets and notes that will not only be handy when you're taking any of the courses in my Stan Store but also for reference during any time during your career. Here, you will also be asked for your email address which will not be shared or distributed anyway but it will allow me to keep in touch and let you know of any additions or updates to my courses and blogs.
Near the end of this blog, I will be introducing you to a supplier of electrical products which in my estimation are a value worthy of paying attention to.
Looking at the same circuit, this time we are going to calculate the current through each of the resistors in this DC circuit using mesh or loop current analysis.
The term mesh is used because of the similarity in appearance between the closed loops of the network and a wire mesh fence. One can view the circuit as a “window frame” and the meshes as the “windows.” A mesh is a closed pathway with no other closed pathway within it. A loop is also a closed pathway, but a loop may have other closed pathways within it. Therefore, all meshes are loops, but all loops are not meshes. For example, the loop made by the closed path BCDAB is not a mesh because it contains two closed paths: BCAB and CDAC.
Step #1 Draw in the loop currents…Loop currents I1 and I2 are drawn in the clockwise direction in each window. The loop current or mesh current is a fictitious current that enables us to obtain the actual branch currents more easily. The number of loop currents required is always equal to the number of windows of the network. This assures that the resulting equations are all independent. Loop currents may be drawn in any direction, but assigning a clockwise direction to all of them simplifies the process of writing equations…It leads to less confusion and similar to the previous solution, if loop currents turn out to be negative then the assumed the direction of that current is opposite to that of our original assumption.
In Step #2 we indicate the Polarities of each voltage drop within Each Loop.
Identify polarities to agree with the assumed direction of the loop currents.
Starting with Loop #1 at R2…then R3 and ending with E1. Notice that the voltage drops across the resistors are positive w.r.t. the current flow and the voltage drop across the power supply is negative because it is not dropping the voltage in the direction of the current but doing just the opposite providing a voltage rise.
Writing the KVL around each mesh in any direction…it is convenient to follow the same direction as the loop current therefore…
Loop #2…Notice that the polarities across R3 are the opposite for each loop current and the polarities of E1 and E2 are unaffected by the direction of the loop currents passing through them. Also with the assumed current flow of I2…E2 provides a voltage drop and therefore considered positive in the loop equation.
Step #3 Write KVL around Each Mesh following the same direction as the loop current:
for the I1 Loop ☞ we get -8 + 2I1 + 4(I1 - I2) = 0
for the I2 Loop ☞ we get +24 + 4(I2 - I1) + I2 = 0
We can now use these two equations to solve for I1 and I2
Let's rewrite these two equations removing the brackets.
We can now collect the like terms and end up with these two equations.
The first equation can be simplified by dividing both the left-hand side and the right hand side by a factor of 2 and rewriting both equations gives us these two equations. We would now like to reduce the two equations to one by multiplying the first equation by 5…which gives us 15I1 - 10I2 = 20 and the second equation by 2…which gives us 8I1 - 10I2 = 48.
We can now reduce the two equations to one with one unknown by subtracting the second from the first. This removes I2. And leaves us with…
7I1 = -28 This allows us to solve for I1…
I1 = -4
We now will solve for I2…by using this equation…3I1 - 2I2 = 4 and replacing I1 with -4 to give us this equation which simplifies to - 2I2 = 16 and allows us to solve for I2 = -8 Amps.
The minus signs for I1 & I2 indicate that the two loop currents flow in a direction opposite to that assumed; that is, they both flow counterclockwise. Loop current I1 is therefore 4 Amps in a counter clockwise direction and loop current I2 is 8 Amps also in a counter clockwise direction…The true direction of loop current I2 through resistor R3 is from C to A. The true direction of loop current I1 through resistor R3 is from A to C. Therefore, in reality, the current through R3 is (I2 - I1) or 8 - 4 = 4 A in the direction of CA.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Jackery Solar Generators are available in various capacities. Depending on the running and starting watts required, you can choose the right size of solar generator. For example, you can choose a small solar generator if you want to run laptops or cell phones or prehaps a small freezer. On the other hand, a large solar generator would be ideal for extended power outages.
To find out more about these battery generators and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to this WEB address. https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address, which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #30 - Residential Battery Backup Generators
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Did you know that major power outages in North America have increased by 67% since 2000? We've seen firsthand how devastating unexpected blackouts can be for families. Whether it's losing hundreds of dollars in spoiled food or dealing with dangerous winter outages, having a reliable backup power solution isn't just a luxury – it's becoming a necessity. In this next series of blogs, I'll walk you through the subject of residential battery backup generators, from selecting the right size to maintaining your investment.
Residential battery backup generators offer homeowners a reliable energy storage solution to ensure seamless power during outages. These advanced systems, distinct from traditional gas generators, use rechargeable batteries to store and convert electricity efficiently. Their quiet operation, minimal maintenance needs, and eco-friendly nature make them an attractive alternative for comprehensive home power management. By integrating directly with home electrical systems, these backup solutions deliver automatic, whole-house coverage and support critical appliances like HVAC and refrigerators. Whether considering Tesla Powerwall alternatives or evaluating battery backup installation, understanding their features is essential for making an informed investment in home energy security.
We will discover the best residential battery backup generators available today comparing whole-house systems, learning the essential features, and find the perfect power solution for your home.
At their core, residential battery backup generators are energy storage systems designed to provide emergency power during grid outages. They work by storing electricity in large battery banks, which can then be converted back into usable household current when the power goes out. This stored energy allows you to keep your critical home systems and appliances running until utility service is restored.
The key difference lies in the power source. Traditional gas-powered generators rely on an internal combustion engine to produce electricity, while battery backup systems use rechargeable batteries. This makes battery backups much quieter, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly than their noisy, fume-producing counterparts. Battery systems also eliminate the need to store and refuel with gasoline or propane.
Key Components: Inverter, Battery Bank, and Transfer Switch
The three essential components of a residential battery backup system are the inverter, the battery bank, and the transfer switch. The inverter converts the battery's stored DC power into usable AC electricity for your home. The battery bank is where the energy is stored, typically made up of multiple deep-cycle batteries. And the transfer switch automatically detects a grid outage and seamlessly switches your home's circuits over to the backup power.
Advantages Over Conventional Gas Generators
Beyond the benefits of noise and emissions reduction, battery backups offer several other key advantages. They require minimal maintenance, with no oil changes or tune-ups needed. They also start up instantly when the power goes out, without the delay of a gas generator. And because they're integrated directly into your me's electrical system, battery backups provide whole-house coverage, not just for individual circuits or appliances.
How Battery Backup Systems Integrate with Home Electrical Systems
Residential battery backup generators are designed to integrate directly with your home's existing electrical infrastructure. They connect to your main service panel, allowing them to automatically power critical circuits like the HVAC system, refrigerator, and essential lighting when the grid goes down. This integration also enables advanced features like load shedding and smart home integration for remote monitoring and control.
Looking at the outside of the smart panel, it looks like this…and here is where you connect, up to 3 DELTA Pro Ultras. opening the front panel to have a look inside, we see…
The Antenna used for communications
The Interlock for manual transfer of an external stand-by generator
The external stand-by Generator main circuit breaker
The Grid main circuit breaker
This is where the individual Branch circuit breakers will be located
Nothing is located here which is the Dead front cover
Located here is the Emergency stop button
Power input, output button
Three Power input, output ports
The Smart Home Panel 2 can be used to connect
to a generator.
It is also used as a sub panel, to connect with the main panel, to access grid power, which can seamlessly feed residential loads directly and, or charge the delta pro battery pacts.
At the same time, you can connect solar panels to the power station.
This smart home panel can intelligently manage all these power sources, grid, batteries, solar panels, and gas powered generators.
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EcoFlow's DELTA series provides expandable home backup power, while their RIVER line offers compact portability. Anker's PowerHouse series combines high capacity with fast charging technology. Bluetti's modular power stations scale to meet your energy needs, from camping to whole-home backup. Jackery's Explorer series delivers solar-ready power in rugged, portable packages.
Whether you need a small power bank for your devices or a whole-home backup solution, these brands have you covered. Their innovative designs, reliable performance, and versatile charging options ensure you'll never be left in the dark.
Don't wait for the next power outage to catch you unprepared. Visit the displayed WEB sites to compare the top models and find the perfect battery backup system for your needs.
Blog #29 - Y - Y Transformers...Phase to Phase from Phase to Neutral Voltages
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This is a continuation of my series on Electromagnetism. In this blog, I will be looking at a Y - Y or star star-connected power transformers and obtaining Phase to Phase from Phase to Neutral Voltages. You can find this topic in my course entitled…“Electrical 3 Phase Power Transformers Fundamentals”. You can access this, and my other courses in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
As I have said the Star - Star Connected transformers can deliver two voltage levels on both the primary and secondary...ie Ph - Neutral or Ph - Ph. Let's look at the primary side only, for example. The secondary side is exactly the same only at different voltage levels of course. We can use the phase to neutral voltages as seen here or we can use the phase to phase voltages…The RW voltage, for example, is the difference between the R phase voltage and the W phase voltages or, R minus W which is the red phase vector plus the negative W phase vector which gives us the R to W phasor.
Similarly we can find the WB phase to phase voltage…
…and the BR phase voltage.
I want to introduce you to three vendors that I am promoting and will be promoting for the next little while. They happen to be three of the most popular power supply vendors on the market today. I will be providing links to their sites which if you use, you will be able to take advantage of a reduction in their cost price and as well…I will receive a small commission for promoting them but rest assured they are quality products. So stay tuned next three slides will provide the information that you are looking for.
First off is EcoFlow… I have introduced you to this vendor earlier and it is still one of the vendors that are on the top of my list. They have an exciting line of various power supplies which you can view and recognize a price reduction by going to this website…https://bit.ly/3MjaFTV… Remember that the address is case sensitive.
Next on the list is Anker… their range of products are similar but they also cater to the smaller output devices that are very portable. Again you can take advantage of some small sales by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisu
And finally there is Bluetti who also cater to the smaller output devices as well as having the larger standby power supplies… You can view their full range of products and again take it vantage of price reductions by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisy
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #28 - Y - Y or Star Star Connected Power Transformers
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Star - Star (or sometimes called Y – Y) Connected transformers can deliver two voltage levels (phase to phase or phase to neutral) on both the primary and secondary. Also the terminal bushings can be gradient insulated and hence are less expensive to manufacture...with this type of connection...One terminal of the Primary terminals is connected to the system (Lines, Busses etc.). The other terminals are connected together and form a primary neutral. Similarly on the secondary, one terminal is connected to the LV system (Lines, Busses etc.). The other terminals are connected together and form a secondary neutral.
The high voltage H1 terminals are connected to individual phase conductors and the high voltage H2 terminals are connected together to form the neutral. The low voltage X1 terminals are connected to individual phase conductors and the low voltage X2 terminals are connected together to form the neutral. The transformer having its H1 terminal connected to the R phase is referred to as the red phase transformer. Likewise the transformer with the H1 terminal connected to the W phase is referred to as the white phase transformer (in this case I have coloured it green as white on white doesn't show up too well) and the transformer with its H1 terminal connected to the B phase is referred to as the blue phase transformer.
The vectors or phasors look like this…
Red phase both primary and secondary are in phase (disregarding the magnitudes). The White phase both primary and secondary are in phase (disregarding the magnitudes). The Blue phase both primary and secondary are in phase (disregarding the magnitudes). The H2 & X2 terminals form the neutral for both primary and secondary respectively. They are not necessarily connected together. The phasors are 120 degrees apart and rotating counter-clockwise.
Transformers for star connections with solidly grounded neutrals may be made with only one terminal brought out in a bushing and the winding insulation graded so that less insulation is used towards the grounded end of the winding. This results in considerable saving in cost of transformers.
In this blog, I want to introduce you to three vendors that I am promoting and will be promoting for the next little while. They happen to be three of the most popular power supply vendors on the market today. I will be providing links to their sites which if you use, you will be able to take advantage of a reduction in their cost price and as well…I will receive a small commission for promoting them but rest assured they are quality products. So stay tuned next three slides will provide the information that you are looking for.
First off is EcoFlow… I have introduced you to this vendor earlier and it is still one of the vendors that are on the top of my list. They have an exciting line of various power supplies which you can view and recognize a price reduction by going to this website…https://bit.ly/3MjaFTV… Remember that the address is case sensitive.
Next on the list is Anker… their range of products are similar but they also cater to the smaller output devices that are very portable. Again you can take advantage of some small sales by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisu
And finally there is Bluetti who also cater to the smaller output devices as well as having the larger standby power supplies… You can view their full range of products and again take it vantage of price reductions by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisy
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #27 - 3 Phase Transformers
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3 Phase Transformers can be thought of as three single phase transformers, each consisting of a primary winding linked magnetically to the secondary.
They become a 3 phase unit by virtue of their excitation voltage…
…and how they are connected to each other. and how they are connected to one another. They may also share the same core, but may be considered individually. Here they are energized by three voltage phasors that are out of phase by 120 degrees, but are joined at one point (neutral).
The phasors are usually considered rotating counter-clockwise.
In this blog, I want to remind you of the three vendors that I am promoting and will be promoting for the next little while. They happen to be three of the most popular power supply vendors on the market today. I will be providing links to their sites which if you use, you will be able to take advantage of a reduction in their cost price and as well…I will receive a small commission for promoting them but rest assured they are quality products. So stay tuned next three slides will provide the information that you are looking for.
First off is EcoFlow… I have introduced you to this vendor earlier and it is still one of the vendors that are on the top of my list. They have an exciting line of various power supplies which you can view and recognize a price reduction by going to this website…https://bit.ly/3MjaFTV… Remember that the address is case sensitive.
Next on the list is Anker… their range of products are similar but they also cater to the smaller output devices that are very portable. Again you can take advantage of some small sales like going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisu
And finally there is Bluetti who also cater to the smaller output devices as well as having the larger standby power supplies… You can view their full range of products and again take it vantage of price reductions by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisy
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #26 - Three Phase Transformers
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This is a continuation of my series on Electromagnetism. In this video I will be introducing three phase power as it relates to three phase transformers. You can find this topic in my course entitled…“Electrical 3 Phase Power Transformers Fundamentals”. You can access this, and my other courses in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
When considering 3 phase power generation you can assume that it is made up of 3 single phase generators connected together on one terminal. The generated voltage vectors are 120 degrees apart. Rotating counter clockwise at 60 cps. The loads can be connected in various configurations. Shown here is a “Y” connected load. However, the load could be any configuration.
In this blog, I want to introduce you to three vendors that I am promoting and will be promoting for the next little while. They happen to be three of the most popular power supply vendors on the market today. I will be providing links to their sites which if you use, you will be able to take advantage of a reduction in their cost price and as well…I will receive a small commission for promoting them but rest assured they are quality products. So stay tuned; the next three slides will provide the information that you are looking for.
First off is EcoFlow… I have introduced you to this vendor earlier and it is still one of the vendors that are on the top of my list. They have an exciting line of various power supplies which you can view and recognize a price reduction by going to this website…https://bit.ly/3MjaFTV. Remember that the address is case sensitive.
Next on the list is Anker… their range of products are similar but they also cater to the smaller output devices that are very portable. Again you can take advantage of some sales by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisu
And finally there is Bluetti…who also cater to the smaller output devices as well as having the larger standby power supplies… You can view their full range of products and again take it vantage of price reductions by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisy
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #25 - The Real Transformer
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This is a continuation of my series on Electromagnetism. In this blog I will be looking at The Real Transformer. You can find this topic in my course entitled…“Electrical 3 Phase Power Transformers Fundamentals”. You can access this, and my other courses in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
In order to make the calculations required of a Real Transformer we simply use an ideal transformer with “add-ons” that when added to the circuit produce that “equivalent” results. This is know as the “Equivalent Circuit” of a transformer. Modeling the copper losses or resistive losses in the primary and secondary windings of the core, are represented in the equivalent circuit by R1 and R2. Modeling the primary & secondary leakage flux, are represented in the equivalent circuit by L1 and L2, The core excitation is modeled by LM. and the core eddy current and hysteresis losses is modeled by RC.
Anker’s has just released a peek at their most advanced multi device fast charging line-up. In order to check out this advanced lineup…Simply go to this web address…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
This video is part of my “Electrical Technical Information” series! Be sure and stay tuned, as I will also, from time to time, be reviewing electrical products, that in my opinion are worthy of paying attention to. This address…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z...will give you access to the supplier of aforementioned products and it is also the connection to obtain a free, copy of my 50 page “Electrical Power” crib sheets.
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #24 - The Real Transformer
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This is a continuation of my series on Electromagnetism. In this blog I will be looking at The Real Transformer. You can find this topic in my course entitled…“Electrical 3 Phase Power Transformers Fundamentals”. You can access this, and my other courses in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
The ability of iron or steel to carry magnetic flux is much greater than it is in air, and this ability to allow magnetic flux to flow is called permeability. Most transformer cores are constructed from low carbon steels which can have permeability's in the order of 1500 compared with just 1.0 for air. This means that a steel core can carry a magnetic flux 1500 times better than that of air. However, when a magnetic flux flows in a transformers steel core, two types of losses occur in the steel. One termed “eddy current losses” and the other termed “hysteresis losses”.
In REAL TRANSFORMERS several non-ideal factors occur three of the major ones are:
Copper losses (I2R)
Leakage Flux losses
Core Excitation and
Core losses 1) Eddy currents 2) Hysteresis losses
Transformer Eddy Current Losses are caused by the flow of circulating currents induced into the steel caused by the changing magnetic flux around the core. These circulating currents are generated because the changing magnetic flux sees the core as a single loop of wire. Since the iron core is a good conductor, the eddy currents induced by a solid iron core will be large. Eddy currents do not contribute anything towards the usefulness of the transformer, but instead they oppose the flow of the induced current by acting like a negative force generating resistive heating and power loss within the core.
Eddy current losses within a transformer core can not be eliminated completely, but they can be greatly reduced and controlled by reducing the thickness of the steel core. Instead of having one big solid iron core as the magnetic core material of the transformer or coil, the magnetic path is split up into many thin pressed steel shapes called “laminations”.
These laminations are insulated from each other by a coat of varnish to increase the effective resistivity of the core thereby increasing the overall resistance to limit the flow of the eddy currents. The result of all this insulation is that the unwanted induced eddy current power-loss in the core is greatly reduced, and it is for this reason why the magnetic iron circuit of every transformer and other electro-magnetic machines are all laminated. Using laminations in a transformer construction reduces eddy current losses.
Transformer Hysteresis Losses are caused because of the friction of the molecules against the flow of the magnetic lines of force required to magnetise the core, which are constantly changing in value and direction first in one direction and then the other due to the influence of the sinusoidal supply voltage. This molecular friction causes heat to be developed which represents an energy loss to the transformer. Excessive heat loss can overtime shorten the life of the insulating materials used in the manufacture of the windings and structures.
Also, transformers are designed to operate at a particular supply frequency. Lowering the frequency of the supply will result in increased hysteresis and higher temperature in the iron core. So reducing the supply frequency from 60 Hertz to 50 Hertz will raise the amount of hysteresis present, decreased the VA capacity of the transformer.
But there is also another type of energy loss associated with transformers called “copper losses”. Transformer Copper Losses are mainly due to the electrical resistance of the primary and secondary windings. Most transformer coils are made from copper wire which has resistance. This resistance opposes the magnetising currents flowing through them. Not only that, when a load is connected to the transformers secondary winding, large electrical currents flow in both the primary and the secondary windings, electrical energy and power (or the I2 R) losses occur as heat. Generally copper losses vary with the load current, being almost zero at no-load, and at a maximum at full-load when current flow is at maximum.
A transformer’s rating can be increased by better design and transformer construction to reduce these copper losses. Transformers with high voltage and current ratings require conductors of large cross-section to help minimise their copper losses. Increasing the rate of heat dissipation (better cooling) by forced air or oil, or by improving the transformers insulation so that it will withstand higher temperatures can also increase a transformers rating.
Anker’s has just released a peek at their most advanced multi device fast charging line-up. In order to check out this advanced lineup…Simply go to this web address…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses:…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #23 - The Ideal Transformer
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If we wind 2 coils on a steel core we can cause almost all of the flux to link both coils and we can further hypostasise the case in which 100% of the flux is linked. In this ideal case it is call an“ideal transformer”. Now let's input a sinusoidal AC voltage on the red coil on the left. This is known as the primary winding. This AC voltage input will cause a small current to flow in the primary coil. The amount of current flowing is limited by the reactance of the primary coil. In an ideal transformer this reactance is 100% inductance so the current will lag the voltage by 90 degrees. This current is known as the magnetization current. Remember that any time a current flows, it will produce a magnetic flux proportional to it which means it too is sinusoidal and in phase with the current...and since we are dealing with an ideal transformer all of that flux flows in the iron and the links both coils. Considering the primary coil we will measure a voltage drop V1 across its terminals and it will be equal to the applied input voltage Vac because of the direct connection in coil 1 the flux produced by the generator is related to the voltage V1 by Faraday’s law which involves the changing flux times the number of turns in the primary coil…in coil 2, the secondary coil, the voltage produced by that same flux (mutual inductance ) is also given by Faraday’s law…. which involves the same changing flux times the number of turns in the secondary coil…That voltage is either either larger or smaller than V1 depending on N1 & N2 but is in phase with the applied voltage Vac.
Mathematically we can re-write the two Faraday’s law equations for both the primary and secondary coils keeping only the associated voltages and coil turns number on the right hand side of the equations. As you can see both right hand sides are equal to the same changing flux -d(phi)/dt...there for we can write -d(phi)/dt is equal to V1/N1 is equal to V2/N2 which means V1/N1 is equal to V2/N2 and V1/V2 is equal to N1/N2. These two ratios V1/V2 and N1/N2 are known as the "Turns Ration" of the transformer and sometimes designated with the letter "a".
Anker’s has just released a peek at their most advanced multi device fast charging line-up. In order to check out this advanced lineup…Simply go to this web address…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
This video is part of my “Electrical Technical Information” series! Be sure and stay tuned, as I will also, from time to time, be reviewing electrical products, that in my opinion are worthy of paying attention to. This address…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z will give you access to the supplier of aforementioned products and it is also the connection to obtain a free, copy of my 50 page “Electrical Power” crib sheets.
My free “electrical crib sheets”…https://bit.ly/3VJle8z
See the full range of ANKER products…https://bit.ly/3YFQpmO
Directly access my Stan Store courses…https://stan.store/GVB
Blog #22 - More on Sinusoidal Current and Voltage
/The r.m.s. value of an a.c. supply is equal to the direct current which would dissipate energy at the same rate in a given resistor.
We can use the same logic to define the rms value of the voltage of an alternating voltage supply:
Vrms = the peak voltage divided by the square root of 2 where V is the maximum (or peak) value of the voltage.
The RMS value of an a.c. supply is equal to the direct current which would dissipate energy at the same rate in a given resistor
We can use the same logic to define the RMS value of the voltage of an alternating voltage supply.
Where V is the maximum (or peak) value of the voltage and I is the maximum (or peak) value of the current. So we have a way of calculating the RMS values of both current and voltage from their respective peak values.
For sinusoidal current & voltage…
Pavg = Irms x Vrms
Vrms = Irms x R So we can now express a current and a voltage in terms of a single value (RMS)…and for circuits with resistive loads only all of the rules for mesh analysis and theorems can be used…
Series load analysis
Parallel load analysis
Mesh load analysis
Kirchhoff's Voltage & Current
Linearity Property
Homogeneity property
Additive property
Superposition Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton's Theorem
Source Transformation
This blog is part of my “Electrical Technical Information” series! In this series, I will be covering essential topics to help you understand electrical system. Be sure and stay tuned, as I will also, from time to time, be reviewing electrical products, that in my opinion are worthy of paying attention to. This address…https://bit.ly/3UGjBIg will give you access to the supplier of aforementioned products.
It is also the connection to obtain a free, copy of my 24 page “Three Phase Transformer Workbook” which will serve as a quick reference and reminder of technical calculations you may need.
One of those amazing and versatile products is the EcoFlow Delta Pro Ultra.
