Whether you are new to the industry or are well seasoned and want to review some of the basic information that you learned in the past, these courses and lessons will clearly outline what you are looking for. “Power Systems Electric” is On-Line training that bridges the gaps between textbook theories and practical power systems experience. As a retired electrical engineer who has gone through the experience of developing a career in electrical power systems, I know how frustrating it can be to try and find the answers, so I put together these courses that I feel would have been a major help to me in my development. I have also taken suggestions from students of what they would like to see in addition to these courses which I have given live in person.
Basic Electrical Learning
For those new to the industry, there is a beginner’s group of courses that cover the “Fundamentals of Electricity” including DC and AC Circuit Analysis. These lessons examine such basics as Ohm’s Law, Series, and Parallel Circuits. The first, and perhaps most important, relationship between current, voltage, and impedance, “Ohm’s Law”, and its relevance to Series and Parallel Circuits. Subsequently, this will lead to the development of Kirchhoff’s Laws as they help to further analyze Network Analysis & Metering Circuits.
Conductors and Insulators are investigated along with their connected components, Capacitors, Inductors, and how they are influenced by Electromagnetism.
Alternating Current (AC – an electric current that periodically reverses direction) is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans, and electric lamps into a wall socket.
The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as they are applied to current or voltage.
These AC courses deal specifically with sinusoidal waveforms and will provide the student with the basic understanding of working with circuits involving Alternating Current, which includes sinusoidal waveforms, vectors & phasors, reactance & impedance of R,L,C circuits, as they relate to the basic laws and theorems of electricity. This includes working with AC Power, Power Factor, Resonance, Complex Numbers, Reactance, and Impedance
Advanced Electrical Learning
These Courses involve subjects such as “Short Circuit Analysis for HV Three-Phase Systems” which introduces the student to the basic concepts of fault studies on a high voltage three-phase system. System modeling is then used in order to aid in this process, with the ability to move between asymmetrical and symmetrical systems. With hey Searle and extensive study of “Per Phase” & “Per Unit” methodologies system faults are analyzed with the use of symmetrical components.
“A Per-Unit System” is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other.
In these courses, you will learn exactly what Per Unit Analysis is, the main advantages of using it, how manufacturers of equipment use and rate their products, and the technique of converting to and from the Per Unit system.
Several examples of working with Per Unit are demonstrated in this crisp clear presentation. When you finish you will have a though understanding of this subject.
It is important for all power engineers and technicians to be familiar with the concept of Per Unit as it is being used and referred to every day in power flow, short circuit evaluation, and motor starting studies.
The method of “Symmetrical Components” is used to simplify asymmetrical three-phase voltages and current analysis by converting the unbalanced system into two sets of balanced phasors and a set of single-phase phasors, or symmetrical components. These sets of phasors are called the positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
An understanding of this method is essential for the understanding of fault analysis and modern-day protection schemes. These courses will provide you with the knowledge to comprehend the concept and how it is applied.
Supplemental Electrical Lessons
In all power electrical analyses, the student will encounter special Trigonometric and Mathematical identities and equations. This site contains special supplemental lessons that zero in on those identities and equations. For example, there are lessons that take you from the “Fundamentals of Trigonometry” to the more sophisticated requirements in electrical engineering. As you work and study in electrical engineering you are going to run into proofs and equations that are based on trigonometry. A good example of this is when studying AC current, voltage, and impedance calculations, phasors or vectors are used and combined mathematically. Further adventures into complex power will also require a knowledge of trig functions and identities. As a student of this course, you will be introduced to these or at least re-introduced to these that may have been long since forgotten.
In mathematics, “The Derivative of a Function” of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value). Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus. For example, the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object’s velocity: this measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time advances.
Specialized Electrical Lessons
Specialized lessons include the “Protection & Control(P & C)” principles of high voltage stations. HV Bus Differential Protection is studied along with restrictions due to CT saturation & mismatch and its solution, “Restraint Differential Protection”.
High Voltage Circuit Breakers are examined as to the various Types (Oil, Vacuum, Air Blast, SF6), their Controls as well as the introduction of potential transformers & current transformers, and their use in conjunction with the relevant instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, and energy meters.
Other lessons include the study of “Transformers” including core construction along with losses, cooling, and mitigation techniques. Three-phase transformer configurations are studied along with harmonic distortion, CT saturation, and on-load tap-changer problems and how these problems are dealt with. Over-current and restraint differential transformer protection is developed along with a look at some examples of ” Old School relays” as well as modern IDE (intelligent Electrical Devices) relays.
Transformer Connections: (Y – Y; Delta – Delta; Y – Delta; Delta – Y & Y – Zag Zig) are examined along with Transformer Clock System Vector Nomenclature.
Lastly, there is a special section dedicated to “Single and Three-Phase Metering“, including old analog and new digital kilowatt-hour meters.
Conclusion
Regardless of whether or not you are new to the industrial power system, you’ll find what you’re looking for on this site in the way of training. In order to review or select any of these courses, left-click on any of the blue highlighted hyperlinked words of this posting or on “14 Courses Available” from the top menu of the landing page. All of the courses have a free introduction
As a bonus and in the way of a thank you, for your interest in PSPT’s WEB (and Blog) page, I’m making available my 50-page “Electrical Power” crib sheets. These were prepared for use with my courses that are available on this site. There is one section associated with each course and is extremely valuable while viewing the course, as well as a recall of the pertinent formulas and information after the fact. The contained information is also useful during any technical career as a quick reference from time to time. Simply click here or on the picture to the right to be taken to where you can download this item.
Blog #47 - Home Automation, Zooz Switches…There are Several to Choose From
/
As part of my home automation series, this will be the 3rd video on Zooz Switches… in fact there are several to choose from.
Eventually, I will be posting these videos on the subject in my Stan store at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Zooz Switches…There are Several to Choose From
The Zooz Series ON/OFF Switches include the:
ZEN71
ZEN72
ZEN76
ZEN77
and the ZEN30 A stacked 2-in-1 switch, used for example, controlling a fan motor and light separately.
ZEN32 which has 4 separate programmable buttons.
Here is a simplified overview of the recommended models for the most common scenarios. It is recommended that you refer to the detailed written guide for any special situations, like the using multiple Zooz switches in a 3-way or 4-way installation or non-conventional wiring scenarios. Always check the specifications of your switch model and electrical rating of the load or bulbs you want to use FIRST, making sure the Wattage is within your switch's electrical rating.
These units are best used for non-dimmable lights and other support loads
These recommendations are only for dimmable lights, do not use with receptacles
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://tinyurl.com/thesmartesthouse
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://bit.ly/47YB3vh...which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #46 - Using the Zooz ZEN71 as a Three-Way Switch
/
As part of my home automation series this will be the 2nd video on The Zooz ZEN71 Switch and using it as a three way switch.
Eventually I will be posting training videos on the subject in my Stan store at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
A three-way switch is a type of electrical switch that allows you to control a single light or set of lights from two different locations. It is commonly used in hallways or large rooms where you want to turn the lights on or off from either end. In a three-way switch setup, two switches are connected to the same light fixture, enabling this dual control functionality.
Several wiring schemes can be used to connect 3 way lighting circuits depending on the location of the source in relation to the switches and lights. These wiring diagrams show typical connections to standard single pole double throw switches.
Now let's look at how we will connect a Zooz ZEN71 switch to this existing three way switch set up.
This is OPTION 1 (Load and line in the same box)
The diagrams show all connections but ground (the ground wire was excluded in order to simplify the illustrations).
This top diagram illustrates the connections using regular double pole single throw switches that you will be converting.
You'll usually see the power line in this box (a bundle of black wires if it's a double or triple box) and the black from your 14-3 romex will be connected to another black (most likely your lights) instead of being connected to the switch. This option can have a few variations depending on the creativity of the electrician who first wired the 3-way.
The bottom diagram illustrates the connections replacing the left-hand illustrated switch with a Zooz Z wave switch.
If you can't match the diagrams exactly The Zooz manufacturers are very responsive so contact them and they will provide you with assistance.
This is OPTION 2 - with the Load and line in separate boxes.
You'll usually see the black from your 14-3 romex connected directly to the switch on both sides.
This can also be wired using different parts of the 14-3 as traveler so if the diagrams almost match but not quite, don't experiment, contact the manufacturer first.
OPTION 3 (two point control of Zoos switches)
There are a few different scenarios that may match your set-up better but they all include a situation where the power line (also called power source or line) is located by the light and not in any of the switch boxes. This is bad news because Zooz switches need direct connection to power and neutral to work. If you can't bring power and neutral to one of the boxes, you won't be able to use Zooz or most other Z-Wave in-wall switches.
If you're unsure about the wiring process or are unable to match your wiring to the provided diagrams, don't proceed with the installation. Take images of your installation and reach out to the manufacturer if you have any questions or experience any issues.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply go to this website…https://tinyurl.com/thesmartesthouse
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://bit.ly/47YB3vh...which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #45 - The Zooz ZEN71 800 SeriesON/OFF Switch
/
As part of my home automation series this will be the first video on The Zooz ZEN71 Switch.
Eventually I will be posting training videos on the subject in my Stan store at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Introducing the Zooz ZEN71 800 Series On/Off Switch - more than just a simple light switch. While it works seamlessly as a standalone switch, this intelligent digital device becomes a powerful tool when paired with a compatible home automation hub.
Think of it as the brain behind your lighting control, capable of being programmed for endless possibilities: schedules, automations, and customized scenes to match your lifestyle. It's not just about turning lights on or off—it's about transforming your home into a smarter, more responsive environment.
This smart home device has several key features:
Z-Wave Long Range capability, extending wireless coverage up to 1 mile if the hub supports it.
It has the 800 series chip for improved range, faster signal, SmartStart inclusion, and S2 security.
It also has a direct 3-Way Solution.
The Compact profile at 1.1" deep, easily fits crowded or shallow boxes.
This switch has an adjustable LED indicator with customizable color and brightness.
Built-in range test tool for diagnosing network issues.
Scene control functionality on compatible hubs.
Smart bulb mode to disable the relay for wireless control or use as a remote.
Installation…
Before installing, make sure the load does not exceed 960W for incandescent lights, 150W for compact fluorescent lamps and LED's, or 1800W (15A) for resistive type loads. Check your wiring first to confirm that you have all the following wires present in your gang box: load (most often black), line (most often black), neutral (most often white), and ground (most often green).
Here are some helpful wiring tips:
Make sure the gang box you are about to install the switch has a neutral wire available - you will not be able to get the ZEN71 switch to work without a neutral wire.
Unlike regular mechanical switches, Z-Wave switches require all of the wires to be connected exactly as indicated - line and load wires can never be swapped as it sometimes happens to the most experienced electricians.
This is all for now stay tuned and return to this site as I take a deep dive into the various characteristics and settings for this sophisticated switch.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://tinyurl.com/thesmartesthouse
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://tinyurl.com/thesmartesthouse…ve you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #44 - Another Practice Problem Using The Noton’s Theorem
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be Calculating Current Using Norton’s Theorem.
Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Find I0 in this circuit using Norton’s Theorem
In this network, the 2kΩ resistor represents the load. In applying Norton’s Theorem we will replace the network without the load by a current source, the value of which is equal to the short-circuit current computed from this network, in parallel with the Norton equivalent resistance determined from. This bottom circuit.
with reference to the top circuit, all current emanating from the 12V source will go through the short-circuit. Likewise, all the current emanating from the 2mA current source will also go through the short-circuit so that IN = 12/3kΩ - 2 mA = 2mA
If this statement is not obvious to the reader, then consider the bottom circuit shown here…Knowing that the resistance of the short-circuit is zero, we can apply current division to find IN which ultimately is equal to I…indicating that all the current in this situation will go through the short-circuit and none of it will go through the resistor.
Going back to calculating RN, we find that the 3k and 6k Ohm resistors are in parallel and thus RN = 3k||6k = 2kΩ…Now the Norton equivalent circuit consists of the short-circuit current in parallel with the Norton equivalent resistance as shown by the bottom circuit.
Remember, at the terminals of the 2kΩ load, this network is equivalent to the original network with the load removed. Therefore, if we now connect the load to the Norton equivalent circuit as shown in here, the load current I0 can be calculated via current division as I0 = 2mA(2kΩ/(2kΩ + 2kΩ) = 1 mAmp
Hey there, tech enthusiasts and smart home aficionados!
I'm thrilled to announce that I'll be diving deep into the world of home automation in an exciting new series of blogs and social media posts. Get ready to transform your living space into a futuristic haven of convenience and efficiency!
In the coming weeks, I'll be sharing my insights, reviews, and tips on the latest smart home gadgets and systems. We'll explore cutting-edge products that will revolutionize the way you interact with your home, from AI-powered assistants to energy-saving devices and advanced security solutions.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://tinyurl.com/thesmartesthouse
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://tinyurl.com/thesmartesthouse…which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #43 - The Z-Box Home Automation Hub
/
In this video we are going to look at The Z-Box Hub: The Future of Smart Home Automation
Welcome to the world of advanced home automation with the Z-Box Hub: S2 700 Series Z-Wave Plus Smart Home Hub. This innovative device is the result of a powerful collaboration between Zooz and Fibaro, two leaders in Z-Wave technology. The Z-Box Hub represents the pinnacle of smart home control, offering unparalleled compatibility, security, and user-friendly features that will transform the way you interact with your living space.
The Z-Box Hub is built on the latest 700 series Z-Wave library, ensuring compatibility with a vast array of certified Z-Wave products. It offers local access to your smart home, keeping your devices and scenes private without any contracts or fees. The hub's intuitive scene creator allows for both simple rules and complex multi-conditional scripts, giving you unprecedented control over your home automation. Security is a top priority, with the implementation of the S2 Authenticated protocol and SmartStart for a safe and reliable mesh network.
The built-in do-it-yourself alarm panel tool with a PIN pad adds an extra layer of home security.
The Z-Box Hub offers multiple connection points for ultimate flexibility. It can connect to your home network via Wi-Fi or through an optional Ethernet adapter for a LAN connection. The hub's interface is accessible through any web browser on your local network, allowing for easy setup and programming. For voice control enthusiasts, the Z-Box Hub can be linked to Alexa or Google Home using the FIBARO Smart Home integration. This enables voice commands for your Z-Wave devices and bridges them with other smart home technologies available through your smart speaker. The hub also features OTA (Over-the-air) firmware update capabilities and easy association creation for your Z-Wave products.
The Z-Box Hub's compatibility extends far beyond basic Z-Wave devices. Through third-party integrations from the FIBARO marketplace, you can connect your hub with popular smart home ecosystems like:
Sonos speakers,
Philips Hue bulbs, and
Samsung TVs.
For the tech-savvy users, the Z-Box Hub provides a built-in Quick App tool for creating custom integrations and virtual devices. Additionally, the full local API documentation is available directly from the web User Interface, allowing for connections with other systems. This expansive compatibility ensures that your Z-Box Hub can grow and adapt to your changing smart home needs.
The Z-Box Hub is more than just a smart home controller… it's a gateway to the future of home automation. With its advanced features, robust security, and extensive compatibility, it provides a solid foundation for your smart home that can evolve with your needs. Whether you're a smart home novice or a seasoned enthusiast, the Z-Box Hub offers the tools and flexibility to create the perfect automated environment. Experience the power of true inter-operability and take control of your smart home like never before with the Z-Box Hub: S2 700 Series.
Don't Miss Out on Smart Home Success!
Be Ready to take your home automation game to the next level.
This web address…https://bit.ly/Z-Box_Hub…will provide you with direct access to a YouTube channel for an exclusive look at Home automation hubs that will revolutionize your smart home setup. At this web address you'll also be asked for your email address which will not be shared or distributed in anyway, but it will allow me to keep in touch and let you know of any additions or updated information. This YouTube channel will provide you with information on five Z-Wave Hubs.
• ZST39 800 Series Z-Wave Long Range S2 USB Stick
• ZST10 700 Series Z-Wave S2 USB Stick
• USB-A 3.0 Extension Cable (3 meters)
Blog #42 - Common Home Automation Mistakes
/
In this blog we are going to look at some common home automation mistakes to avoid. So if you are planning to automate your home? Don’t make these rookie mistakes!
Assuming it's all easy to do yourself
Many homeowners underestimate the complexity of home automation and assume they can handle everything on their own. However, even seemingly simple tasks like setting up automated switches and lights can be far more time-consuming and challenging than expected. The more devices and systems you want to integrate, the more complicated the process becomes, often requiring specialized knowledge and skills… so don't be afraid to seek advice.
Choosing incompatible products
A frequent error is selecting smart devices based solely on individual features or brand recognition without considering compatibility. This can lead to a fragmented system where devices don't work well together. It's crucial to ensure that all your smart home products can communicate with each other and integrate into a cohesive system. Opting for devices that are compatible with multiple ecosystems or have broad compatibility can help avoid this issue.
Overcomplicating the system
In the excitement of creating a smart home, many people tend to add too many devices and features, resulting in an overly complex system. This can make the setup difficult to manage and use, especially for less tech-savvy household members14. A complicated system can lead to frustration rather than convenience. It's important to focus on integrating only the most essential devices that truly enhance your lifestyle and keep the overall system simple and user-friendly.
Learn the basics of electrical setup and avoid costly errors—watch my next video where I will discus how to avoid overcomplicating your smart home setup, with some key strategies.
Home automation is designed to be accessible and adaptable to various lifestyles. Most popular brands prioritize user-friendliness, ensuring that there’s likely a product available to enhance your convenience. For further insights on home automation, you can visit this website…https://bit.ly/4eM25ZS...and browse the various products that are available and pick and choose from their abundant sources of home automation kits and products.
Blog #41 - Smart Thermostats
/
More on Home Automation.
"Today, we're diving into the world of smart thermostats - a revolutionary technology that's transforming how we control our home's climate and save energy.”
Imagine coming home on a chilly winter evening to find your house perfectly warm and cozy, without having wasted energy all day.
Or picture your air conditioner kicking in just before you arrive home on a sweltering summer afternoon. Welcome to the world of smart thermostats – your gateway to energy-efficient home automation!
Think of smart thermostats as the brainy cousins of traditional thermostats. They're like having a tiny, energy-savvy assistant managing your home's temperature. These clever devices learn your habits, adapt to your schedule, and can be controlled from anywhere using your smartphone.
Let me highlight four compelling reasons to invest in a smart thermostat:
Energy Savings: You can slash your energy bills by up to 23%
aConvenience: Control your home's temperature from anywhere
Learning Capabilities: These devices adapt to your preferences automatically
Insights: Receive detailed reports on your energy usage
The magic happens through a combination of sensors, Wi-Fi connectivity, and intelligent algorithms. Smart thermostats monitor room occupancy, outside temperature, and your daily routines to create a personalized heating and cooling schedule.
Don't be intimidated by installation. Most smart thermostats are designed for easy setup. The process typically involves turning off your HVAC system, removing the old thermostat, connecting color-coded wires, and following on-screen instructions. If DIY isn't your thing, many HVAC companies offer professional installation.
To get the most out of your smart thermostat:
Use the mobile app to adjust settings on the go
Let the device learn your routines
Take advantage of geofencing
Regularly review your energy reports
When selecting a smart thermostat, focus on these items.
Smart thermostats are more than just temperature controllers. They're your first step into a world of energy-efficient home automation. By investing in this technology, you're not just saving money - you're creating a more comfortable, intelligent home environment.
Here are some of the top smart thermostats are available on the market today…
The Ecobee Smart Thermostat stands out for its comprehensive features, including smart home integration with Alexa and Google home, while providing energy reports, SmartSensor for room-specific temperature control, and built-in air quality monitoring. It also doubles as a home security device.
Google Nest Learning Thermostat (4th Gen): Known for its sleek design and AI-powered learning capabilities, this thermostat creates customized heating and cooling schedules. It supports broad smart home integration and includes a remote room sensor for even temperature distribution throughout your home.
Amazon has a Smart Thermostat: This budget-friendly option offers simplicity and ease of use while still providing smart features. It works well with Alexa and is a great choice for those looking for an affordable smart thermostat
The Honeywell Home T9 Smart Thermostat: This thermostat comes with a remote room sensor and supports up to 20 sensors for whole-home temperature monitoring. It's compatible with Alexa, Google Assistant, and offers dual-band Wi-Fi connectivity.
Sensi Touch 2 Smart Thermostat by Emerson: Features a large 4.3-inch color touch screen, this thermostat supports room sensors and generates energy usage reports. It works with Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and SmartThings.
These thermostats offer a range of features to suit different needs and budgets, from advanced AI learning capabilities to simple, user-friendly interfaces. All of the aforementioned thermostats aim to improve home comfort while helping users save on energy costs and are only a small part of home automation.
Home automation is designed to be accessible and adaptable to various lifestyles. Most popular brands prioritize user-friendliness, ensuring that there’s likely a product available to enhance your convenience. For further insights on home automation, you can,
visit this website…https://bit.ly/4eM25ZS...and browse the various products that are available and pick and choose from their abundant sources of home automation kits and products.
Blog #40 - Home Automation
/
As promised here is the first instalment of my series on Home Automation.
Home automation has become an integral part of modern living, offering convenience, efficiency, and enhanced security. In this video we explore the various aspects of home automation, including individual smart devices, comprehensive systems, and the benefits they provide. By breaking down the concepts of automation and remote control, we aim to clarify how these technologies can simplify your daily life and enhance your home experience.
Home automation can be categorized into two main components: automation and remote control. For instance, consider the Nest thermostat, a widely recognized smart device. It exemplifies both functions effectively. The Nest is automatic due to its built-in motion sensor, which detects whether you are home and adjusts the temperature accordingly. Additionally, it learns your heating and cooling habits over time, optimizing your comfort.
On the other hand, the Nest thermostat is also remote-controlled. You can manage it from a mobile app, allowing you to adjust settings from anywhere in the world. This app serves as a hub for your Nest device, but the concept of a hub extends beyond just one device.
The right hub can integrate a multitude of devices from various brands, creating a cohesive smart home ecosystem. Some smart technologies, like Amazon Alexa or Google Home, come with built-in hubs. For example, I use my Google Home as a hub for my Lumeeman smart light bulb, enabling me to control the lights with simple voice commands. It’s akin to living in a futuristic spaceship!
Home security systems also exemplify the hub-tech combination. AT&T’s full system allows you to integrate all your smart devices—lights, locks, and more—into a single control panel. This integration provides peace of mind, as you can receive alerts and monitor your home from your phone, eliminating the need to ask a friend or family member to house-sit.
Imagine this scenario: you’re about to embark on a vacation to an exotic destination, but you’re overwhelmed with packing. Upon arriving at the airport, you realize you’ve forgotten to turn off the lights, adjust the thermostat, or close the garage door. If you have home automation set up, you can simply access your hub’s app and manage everything from your phone. Plus, you can schedule your heating to turn back on shortly before your return, ensuring your home is warm and welcoming.
The value of home automation ultimately depends on your personal needs and lifestyle. While a smart coffee maker that brews at 7 a.m. may sound appealing, it might not be a necessity for everyone. However, if you’ve ever stubbed your toe in the dark, investing in a smart light bulb could be a worthwhile decision.
For those looking to dip their toes into home automation, starting with a SmartThings starter kit, priced just over a hundred dollars, can be a great option. This kit typically includes a hub and a few devices to kickstart your smart home journey. Alternatively, you can begin with a smart speaker and gradually add devices like smart light bulbs, which can range from $20 to several hundred dollars depending on your preferences.
Home automation is designed to be accessible and adaptable to various lifestyles. Most popular brands prioritize user-friendliness, ensuring that there’s likely a product available to enhance your convenience. For further insights on home automation, you can…visit this website…https://bit.ly/4eM25ZS...and browse the various products that are available and pick and choose from their abundant sources of home automation kits and products.
Blog #39 - Calculating Another Circuit Using Thevenin’s Theorem
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be using Loop Analysis Thevenin’s Theorem
Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Find V0 in this circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem.
Firstly we need to determine the open circuit voltage, V0,
To begin the process remove the 2 kΩ resistor.
The open circuit voltage at this point is VTH our Thevenin voltage. The Thevenin resistance is then found with the sources in the network removed (voltage sources short-circuited and current sources open circuit)…let’s find the Thevenin voltage first by letting the voltage drop across the 4 kΩ resistor be V1…and letting the voltage drop across the 3kΩ resistor be V2. Then
VTh = V1 + V2…we now need to determine these voltages.
We know that the current through the 4KΩ resistor… call it I1…is 4 mA due to the current source. Then clearly, Ohm’s law tells us that…
V1 = I1(4kΩ) = (4mA)(4kΩ) = 16V…to find V2 we need to know I2. and KVL around the loop I2 yields this equation
-12+6k(I2 –I1)+3kI2 = 0…well we know what I1 is so we can plug 4mA into our equation and it becomes
-12 + 6kΩ(I2 – 4mA) + 3kΩI2 = 0…
we know that this is a KVL equation so that all the terms in this equation are going voltages and because we built the equation using thousand Ohm resistors and milliamp currents then I'm going to uncluttered the equation to give us something easier to read…
-12 + 6I2 – 4 + 3I2 = 0
This gives us one equation with one unknown… I2. Therefore we can quite easily solve for the value of I2. Collecting like terms we get 9I2 on the left-hand side of the equation and we'll bring all of our whole numbers to the right hand side of the equation which change from negative numbers to positive numbers and adds up to 36. We can now solve the equation for I2 giving us I2 is equal to…
4 mA… now V2 is just a voltage drop across the 3kΩ resistor which is 3 kΩ times 4 mA = 12 V. This seems odd…We have a 12 V power supply feeding into a 6kΩ resistor. You’d think there is some voltage drop across the 6kΩ resistor…upon closer examination though we see that the current through the 6 kΩ resistor is I1 - I2 or 4 mA - 4 mA which is equal to zero, so the voltage drop across the 6K on resistor is zero meaning V2 is definitely going to equal the same voltage as the power supply 12 V.
Finally we can solve the equation for VTh which… is 16 V+12 V which…is 28 volts.
The Thevenin equivalent resistance is found by…zeroing all sources and looking into the open circuit terminals to determine the Thevinen resistance RTh. From the network we see that the 6k and 3k Ohm resistors are in parallel and that combination is in series with the 4kΩ resistor.
Thus RTH =4kΩ+3kΩ||6kΩ = 6kΩ
Therefore, the Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a 28V source in series with the 6kΩ resistor. If we connect the 2kΩ resistor to this equivalent network we obtain this circuit. V0 is the voltage drop across the 2kΩ resistor which we can find using voltage division…which gives us V0 = 7 Volts
Hey there, tech enthusiasts and smart home aficionados!
I'm thrilled to announce that I'll be diving deep into the world of home automation in an exciting new series of blogs and social media posts. Get ready to transform your living space into a futuristic haven of convenience and efficiency!
In the coming weeks, I'll be sharing my insights, reviews, and tips on the latest smart home gadgets and systems. We'll explore cutting-edge products that will revolutionize the way you interact with your home, from AI-powered assistants to energy-saving devices and advanced security solutions.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://bit.ly/4eGRRtu
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical training videos when you go to this web address, which will also gives you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Also remember, from my previous videos that you can obtain the latest discounts on battery systems at these web addresses…
➜ Eco Flow…https://shrsl.com/4pthi
➜ Bluetti…https://bit.ly/4fDx2Ba
➜ Anker…https://shrsl.com/4pplo
➜ Jacquery….https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
These sites not only give you unique battery systems that can power things from cell phones or laptops to a complete backup system for your home. Just go to these sites and see what they have to offer. There is no cost or obligation to just browsing.
Blog #38 - Calculating Another Circuit Using Source Transformation
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be using Loop Analysis Using Source Transformation. Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Our task will be to find V0 in this circuit using source transformation.
Recall that when employing source transformation, at a pair of terminals, we can exchange a voltage source V in series with a resistor R subscript v and for a current source, I in parallel with a resistor R subscript I provided that the relationships among these shown parameters exist.
R subscript V = R subscript I and
I = V/RV…as shown and we can also exchange a current source I in parallel with a resistor R subscript I for a voltage source V in series with a resistor R subscript V. Provided that the relationships among these shown parameters exist…
R subscript V = R subscript I and
V = IR subscript I…as shown
Note that in the original circuit shown here, we have a 12V source in series with a 6kΩ resistor that can be exchanged for a current source in parallel with the resistor. This appears to be a viable exchange since we will then have two current sources in parallel, which we can add algebraically. Performing the exchange yields the above network…
Note that the voltage source was positive at the bottom terminal and therefore the current source points in that direction.
Replacing the two parallel current sources with one equivalent. Using The Superposition Theorem, we consider the current contribution from each current source…flowing into node A and node B…Node A has 6 minus 2 or 4 A flowing into it and node B has 6 minus 2 or 4 A flowing out from it… so the two current sources can be replaced by one of 4 A flowing into and out of nodes A & B…shown above..
At this point we can apply current division to obtain a solution for the current in the 4kΩ resistor which is…4/3 mA…then…
V0 = (I4k)(4kΩ) = 16/3 Volts or 5.33 Volts.
Hey there, tech enthusiasts and smart home aficionados!
I'm thrilled to announce that I'll be diving deep into the world of home automation in an exciting new series of blogs and social media posts. Get ready to transform your living space into a futuristic haven of convenience and efficiency!
In the coming weeks, I'll be sharing my insights, reviews, and tips on the latest smart home gadgets and systems. We'll explore cutting-edge products that will revolutionize the way you interact with your home, from AI-powered assistants to energy-saving devices and advanced security solutions.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://bit.ly/4eGRRtu
Don’t miss out onsive disc excluounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical training videos when you go to this web address…https://bit.ly/47YB3vh Which will also gives you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Also remember, from my previous videos that you can obtain the latest discounts on battery systems at these web addresses…
➜ Eco Flow…https://shrsl.com/4pthi
➜ Bluetti…https://bit.ly/4fDx2Ba
➜ Anker…https://shrsl.com/4pplo
➜ Jacquery…https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
These sites give you unique battery systems that can power things from cell phones or laptops to a complete backup systems for your home. Just go to these sites and see what they have to offer. There is no cost or obligation to just browsing.
Blog #37 - Calculating Another Circuit Using Loop Analysis
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be Calculating another circuit using Loop Analysis. Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Find V0 in this circuit using the Principle of Superposition.
To apply superposition, we consider the contribution that each source independently makes to the output voltage V0 . In so doing, we consider each source operating alone and we replace the other source(s). Recall, that in order to replace a voltage source, we replace it with a short circuit since the voltage across a short circuit is zero. In addition, in order to replace a current source, we replace the current source with an open circuit since there is no current in an open circuit.
Consider now the voltage source acting alone. The network used to obtain this contribution to the output V0 is shown above…This shows only the part of V0 that is the contribution due to the 12V source. Using voltage division, that contribution to V0 is…
V’12 is -12V[4kΩ/(4kΩ+6kΩ+8kΩ)]…(the minus sign is due to the polarity of V12)… and all of that…= -8/3 Volts…The current source contribution to V0 is obtained from this network now shown…Using current division, we find that the contribution from the 6 mA current source, is …6mA[6kΩ/(6kΩ+8kΩ+4kΩ)] = 2 mA which means the voltage contribution of the current source is the voltage drop across the 4kΩ resistor which according to Ohm’s law is = 4kΩ*I’6 mA = 8 Volts…Then superposition states that V0 = V’12 + V’6mA which calculate to…16/3 or 5.33 Volts
Hey there, tech enthusiasts and smart home aficionados! I'm thrilled to announce that I'll be diving deep into the world of home automation in an exciting new series of blogs and social media posts. Get ready to transform your living space into a futuristic haven of convenience and efficiency!
In the coming weeks, I'll be sharing my insights, reviews, and tips on the latest smart home gadgets and systems. We'll explore cutting-edge products that will revolutionize the way you interact with your home, from AI-powered assistants to energy-saving devices and advanced security solutions.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://bit.ly/4eGRRtu
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical training videos when you go to this web address, which will also give you a free copy of my 50-page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your everyday work.
Also remember, from my previous videos that you can obtain the latest discounts on battery systems at these web addresses…
➜ Eco Flow…https://shrsl.com/4pthi
➜ Bluetti…https://bit.ly/4fDx2Ba
➜ Anker…https://shrsl.com/4pplo
➜ Jacquery…https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
These sites give you unique battery systems that can power things from cell phones or laptops to a complete backup systems for your home. Just go to these sites and see what they have to offer. There is no cost or obligation to just browsing.
Blog #36 - Calculating 3 Currents Using Loop Analysis
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be Calculating 3 Currents Using Loop Analysis.
Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web addres…https://stan.store/GVB
Use loop analysis to find the loop currents and V0…
The network contains 3 current loops and therefore 3 linearly independent loop equations will be required to determine the unknown currents and voltages. To begin we arbitrarily assign the loop currents as shown…I1, I2 and I3…
The equations for the loop currents are obtained by employing KVL. Remember that each term in the equation is a voltage.
For the loop labeled I1the KVL equation is…
-12 + 1kΩ(I1 – I3) + 1kΩ(I1 – I2) = 0
For the loop labeled I2, the KVL equation is
1kΩ(I2 – I1) + 1kΩ(I2 – I3) + 2kΩI3 = 0
The third loop contains a current source which forces I3 to be 2 milliamps so the equation is not a KVL equation but very simply tell us that…
I3 = 2mA… in order to simplify the calculation I'm going to make the 1kΩ in both equations
1Ω as long as I remember that the currents inside the brackets are going to be reading in milliamps…now…that leaves us with
-12 + (I1 – I3) + (I1 – I2) = 0 for the first equation and this…
for the second equation (I2 – I1) + (I2 – I3) + 2I3 = 0
So we already know I3 which is 2 milliamps… our task now will be to find a solution for I1 and I2.
Let's get rid of the brackets because they are just cluttering the equations now… then we can easily collect like terms and substituting 2 for I3…
our two equations will look like this…
Working with these two equations I am going to solve for I2 by first multiplying the bottom equation by 2…making it
-2I1 + 8I2 = 4…we now add the two equation to get 7I2 = 18… which we can now solve for I2
We are now 2/3 of the way there we just have to solve for I1… using the equation 2I1 - I2 = 14, we know what I2 is so we can just plug that into the equation to give us
2I1 - 18/7 = 14…re-arranging the terms…
2I1 = 14 + 18/7… which is the same as…
2I1 = 98/7 + 18/7…or…
I1 = 116/7
Once again, KCL is satisfied at every node and furthermore, KVL is satisfied around every closed path.
All that is left to do now is calculate V0 which we do using ohms law…Plugging in our known values we get…
(18/7 mA)(1kΩ)…or
2.57 Volt… and we're done!
Hey there, tech enthusiasts and smart home aficionados!
I'm thrilled to announce that I'll be diving deep into the world of home automation in an exciting new series of blogs and social media posts. Get ready to transform your living space into a futuristic haven of convenience and efficiency!
In the coming weeks, I'll be sharing my insights, reviews, and tips on the latest smart home gadgets and systems. We'll explore cutting-edge products that will revolutionize the way you interact with your home, from AI-powered assistants to energy-saving devices and advanced security solutions.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply go to this website…https://bit.ly/4eGRRtu
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical training videos when you go to this web address, which will also gives you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Also remember, from my previous videos that you can obtain the latest discounts on battery systems at these web addresses…
Eco Flow https://shrsl.com/4pthi
Bluetti https://bit.ly/4fDx2Ba
Anker https://shrsl.com/4pplo
Jacquery https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
These sites not only give you unique battery systems that can power thing from cell phones or laptops to a complete back up systems for your home. Just go to these sites and see what they have to offer. There is no cost or obligation to just browsing.
Blog #35 - Calculating Current Using Norton’s Theorem
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be Calculating Current Using Norton’s Theorem. Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Our task is to calculate the value of the current IL through the resistor RL in this DC network…this time using Norton’s theorem.
Norton’s theorem states: Any two-terminal linear dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a constant-current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN.
When using “Norton’s Theorem” to find the Norton’s Resistance RN. The network is redrawn with the source of emf replaced by a short circuit. (If a current source is present, it is replaced by an open circuit.)
The resistance of the redrawn network as seen by looking back into the network from the load terminals is calculated.
This value is RN, where RN = (50 Ω) + (100 Ω)||(100 Ω) = 100 Ω. A comparison of Thevenin’s Theorem shows that RN = RTh.
When Using “Norton’s Theorem” to find the Norton’s Constant-Current Source IN. Terminals A - B are short circuited…
IN is the short-circuit current between terminals A and B, the total resistance that the 100 V battery voltage sees looking into the circuit is
RTotal = 100 Ω + (100 Ω || 50 Ω) = 1331/3 Ω and ITotal the total current flowing from the hundred volt power supply is…according to Ohm's law is
E/RTotal = (100/1331/3 ) = .75 A
Then from the current-divider rule: IN = (3/4 A)(100)/(100 + 50) = 0.5A.
The Norton equivalent circuit consists of IN in parallel with RN. The load resistor RL is connected across the output terminals of Norton equivalent circuit. From the current-divider rule:
IL = (0.5A)[100/(100 + 50)] = 1/3 A.
This Norton solution solved the same circuit as the Thevenin solution. It is often convenient or necessary to have a voltage source rather than a current source or a current source rather than a voltage source. This slide shows the source conversion equations which indicate that a Thevenin equivalent circuit can be replaced by a Norton equivalent circuit, and vice versa, provided that the following equations are used:
RN = RTh
ETh = (IN)(RTh) = IN RN, and…
IN = ETh /RN = ETh /RTh. The conversion between Thevenin and Norton equivalents is generally known as a source transformation.
Hey there, tech enthusiasts and smart home aficionados!
I'm thrilled to announce that I'll be diving deep into the world of home automation in an exciting new series of blogs and social media posts. Get ready to transform your living space into a futuristic haven of convenience and efficiency!
In the coming weeks, I'll be sharing my insights, reviews, and tips on the latest smart home gadgets and systems. We'll explore cutting-edge products that will revolutionize the way you interact with your home, from AI-powered assistants to energy-saving devices and advanced security solutions.
If you are ready to elevate your living space with home automation, now’s the perfect time to transform your home into a smart, efficient household! In order to explore an incredible range of innovative products that cater to all your smart home needs.
Simply this website…https://bit.ly/4eGRRtu
Don’t miss out on exclusive discounts available for a limited time! Take the first step towards a smarter home and discover how easy it is to enhance your lifestyle with cutting-edge technology. Your dream home awaits!
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://bit.ly/47YB3vh…which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #34 - Calculating Current using Thevenin’s Theorem
/
As part of my problem series in this Blog, I will be Calculating Current Using Thevenin’s Theorem.
Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store,at this web address.
Before proceeding I want to explain the three WEB addresses that you will be directed to using. You have already seen the first…https://stan.store/GVB…this is the web address of my Stan store which will give you direct access to all of my electrical courses.
On the last page you'll find an address,,,HTTP://bitl.ly/47YB3vh… that will direct you to obtaining the 50 page crib sheets and notes that will not only be handy when you're taking any of the courses in my Stan store, but also for reference during any time during your career. Here, you will also be asked for your email address which will not be shared or distributed anyway but it will allow me to keep in touch and let you know of any additions or updates to my courses and blogs.
➜ Near the ending the video I will be introducing you to a supplier of electrical products…https://shrsl.com/4pplo…which in my estimation are a value worthy of paying attention to.
Task Problem: Calculate the value of the current IL through the resistor RL in this dc network using Thevenin’s Theorem.
Thevenin’s theorem states that: “Any two-terminal linear network containing resistances and sources of emf and current may be replaced by a single source of emf in series with a single resistance. The emf of the single source will be called ETh, at the network terminals A & B. The single-series resistance, called RTh, is the resistance between the network terminals A & B when all of the independent sources are replaced by their internal resistances”.
When the Thevenin equivalent circuit is determined for a network, the process is known as “thevenizing” the circuit.
“Thevenizing” the circuit to find the Thevenin Voltage ETh.
The load resistor is removed. The open-circuit terminal voltage of the network is calculated; this value is ETh. Because no current can flow through R3, the voltage ETh is the same as the voltage across resistor R2. Using the voltage-divider rule we find that…
ETh = (100 V) X [100/(100 + 100)] = 50 V.
Next when “thevenizing” the circuit we find the Thevenin Resistance RTh.
The network is redrawn with the source of emf replaced by a short circuit. (If a current source is present, it is replaced by an open circuit.)
The resistance of the redrawn network as seen by looking back into the network from the load terminals is calculated. We call this value is RTh,
where RTh = (50 Ω) + (100 Ω)||(100 Ω) = 100 Ω.
The Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of the series combination of ETh and RTh.
The load resistor RL is connected (or re-connected) across the output terminals of this equivalent circuit…
RT = RTA + RTh = 100 + 50 = 150 Ω, and
IL = ETH/RT = 50/150 = 1/3 A.
With respect to the terminals only, the Thevenin circuit is equivalent to the original linear network.
Changes in RL does not require any calculations for a new Thevenin circuit. The simple series Thevenin circuit can be used to solve for load currents each time RL is changed.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Anker SOLIX F2000 Generator.
To find out more about this battery generator and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to the anchor site at this web address…https://shrsl.com/4pplo… And by using this web address you can get $800 off the original price…. Or just browse through the various options on this site… There is no charge for just looking but you might find something that is available at a discounted price at this particular time.
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address,..https://bit.ly/47YB3vh… which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #33 - Calculating Current Using the Superposition Theorem
/
Calculate the value of the current through resistor R3 in this dc network using the superposition theorem. The superposition theorem states: In any linear network containing more than one source of electromotive force (emf) or current, the current through any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each source acting independently.
Because voltage source EB has no internal resistance, the source EB is replaced by a short circuit. The total resistance seen at EA…we will call it RTA = 100 + (100 || 100)…written out or expanded looks like this…100 + (100)(100)/(100 + 100) = 150 Ω
The total current flowing out of EA according to Ohm’s Law is ITA and…equal to 30/150…or 200 mA. From the current-divider rule, I3A = 200 mA/2 = 100 mA & I2A = 200 mA/2 = 100 mA.
Returning to our original circuit let's look at the contribution from Voltage source EB.
Because EA has no internal resistance, the EA source is replaced by a short circuit.
As you can see the circuit is symmetrical, so the resistance that the B power supply sees…call it, RTB…the total resistance at EB is also equal to 100 + (100 || 100)… which is 150 Ω therefore, ITB = EB/RTB = 15/150 = 100 mA. (keep in mind that the B power supply polarity is the opposite to the A power supply therefore the current will be flowing out in this direction).
From the current-divider rule, I2B & I3B = 100 mA/2 = 50 mA each.
The algebraic sum of the component currents I3A and I3B is used to obtain the true magnitude and direction of the current through R3, which is IR3 = I3A - I3B = 100 - 50 = 50 mA (in the direction of I3A).
The superposition theorem simplifies the analysis of a linear network having more than one source of emf. This theorem may also be applied in any network containing dc or ac sources of emf.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Anker SOLIX F2000 Generator.
To find out more about this battery generator and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to the anchor site at this web address…https://shrsl.com/4pplo… And by using this web address you can get $800 off the original price…. Or just browse through the various options on this site… There is no charge for just looking but you might find something that is available at a discounted price at this particular time.
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address,..https://bit.ly/47YB3vh… which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #32 - Calculation of a DC circuit using nodal analysis
/
As part of my problem series in this video, I will be analyzing the two loop circuit with multiple resistors and 2 power supplies using nodal analysis. Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
Calculate the current through each of the resistors in this DC circuit using Nodal Analysis or the branch-current method of solution.
I’m going to re-draw the circuit slightly just to make the node more obvious.
Step #1 Label the Circuit … all nodes. One of the nodes…node A, is chosen as the reference node. It can be thought of as a circuit ground, which is at zero voltage or ground potential.
Node B and node D are already known to be at the potential of the source voltages. The voltage at node C the voltage VC is unknown.
Let’s assume that VC > the voltage at node B and VC > the voltage at node D when all three currents are drawn arbitrarily… remember, these directions are arbitrary and may change depending on the outcome of the mathematics.
The direction of I1, I2, and I3 is assumed to be emanating from node C, and toward the reference node A.
Step #2 Write Kerckhoff's current law at Node C…I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
Step #3 Express Currents in Terms of Circuit Voltages Using Ohm’s Law
I1 = V1/R1 = (VC - 8)/2,
I2 = V2/R2 = (VC - 24)/1, and
I3 = V3/R3 = VC/4.
Substituting the current equations obtained in Step 3 into Kerckhoff’s Current Law of Step 2, we find I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 becomes
(VC - 8)/2 + (VC - 24)/1 + VC/4 = 0. removing the denominators by multiplying the equation by 4…
and removing the brackets…gives us this 2VC - 16 + 4VC - 96 + VC = 0
Bringing all of the unknowns to the left-hand side of the equation gives us…2VC + 4VC + VC = 112 which reduces to…this
7VC = 112 and this simple equation can be solved to obtain VC = 16 Volts.
Solving for the current is very simple… All we have to do is substitute 16 for the voltage VC…
in our equation for I1…we get 4 Amps and in our equation for I2…we get -8 Amps and in our equation for I3…we get 4 Amps
And not surprisingly we get the same answers that we have previously found for the currents. Noticed that for I2 we obtained an answer of -8 Amps which means we assume the wrong direction in the beginning and this means that this current is actually 8 Amps flowing in the other direction.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Anker SOLIX F2000 Generator.
To find out more about this battery generator and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to the anchor site at this web address…https://shrsl.com/4pplo...And by using this web address you can get $800 off the original price…. Or just browse through the various options on this site… There is no charge for just looking but you might find something that is available at a discounted price at this particular time.
Remember, this blog has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address…https://bit.ly/47YB3vh…which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #31 - Loop or Mesh Analysis - analyzing a two loop circuit with multiple resistors and 2 power supplies.
/
As part of my problem series in this blog, I will be analyzing a two loop circuit with multiple resistors and 2 power supplies.
Once I am finished with this series of problems I will be posting them in my Stan store, at the WEB address shown.
Before proceeding I want to explain the three WEB addresses that you will be directed to using. You have already seen the first…https://stan.store/GVB…this is the web address of my Stan Store which will give you direct access to all of my electrical courses.
On the last page, you'll find an address that will direct you to obtain the 50-page crib sheets and notes that will not only be handy when you're taking any of the courses in my Stan Store but also for reference during any time during your career. Here, you will also be asked for your email address which will not be shared or distributed anyway but it will allow me to keep in touch and let you know of any additions or updates to my courses and blogs.
Near the end of this blog, I will be introducing you to a supplier of electrical products which in my estimation are a value worthy of paying attention to.
Looking at the same circuit, this time we are going to calculate the current through each of the resistors in this DC circuit using mesh or loop current analysis.
The term mesh is used because of the similarity in appearance between the closed loops of the network and a wire mesh fence. One can view the circuit as a “window frame” and the meshes as the “windows.” A mesh is a closed pathway with no other closed pathway within it. A loop is also a closed pathway, but a loop may have other closed pathways within it. Therefore, all meshes are loops, but all loops are not meshes. For example, the loop made by the closed path BCDAB is not a mesh because it contains two closed paths: BCAB and CDAC.
Step #1 Draw in the loop currents…Loop currents I1 and I2 are drawn in the clockwise direction in each window. The loop current or mesh current is a fictitious current that enables us to obtain the actual branch currents more easily. The number of loop currents required is always equal to the number of windows of the network. This assures that the resulting equations are all independent. Loop currents may be drawn in any direction, but assigning a clockwise direction to all of them simplifies the process of writing equations…It leads to less confusion and similar to the previous solution, if loop currents turn out to be negative then the assumed the direction of that current is opposite to that of our original assumption.
In Step #2 we indicate the Polarities of each voltage drop within Each Loop.
Identify polarities to agree with the assumed direction of the loop currents.
Starting with Loop #1 at R2…then R3 and ending with E1. Notice that the voltage drops across the resistors are positive w.r.t. the current flow and the voltage drop across the power supply is negative because it is not dropping the voltage in the direction of the current but doing just the opposite providing a voltage rise.
Writing the KVL around each mesh in any direction…it is convenient to follow the same direction as the loop current therefore…
Loop #2…Notice that the polarities across R3 are the opposite for each loop current and the polarities of E1 and E2 are unaffected by the direction of the loop currents passing through them. Also with the assumed current flow of I2…E2 provides a voltage drop and therefore considered positive in the loop equation.
Step #3 Write KVL around Each Mesh following the same direction as the loop current:
for the I1 Loop ☞ we get -8 + 2I1 + 4(I1 - I2) = 0
for the I2 Loop ☞ we get +24 + 4(I2 - I1) + I2 = 0
We can now use these two equations to solve for I1 and I2
Let's rewrite these two equations removing the brackets.
We can now collect the like terms and end up with these two equations.
The first equation can be simplified by dividing both the left-hand side and the right hand side by a factor of 2 and rewriting both equations gives us these two equations. We would now like to reduce the two equations to one by multiplying the first equation by 5…which gives us 15I1 - 10I2 = 20 and the second equation by 2…which gives us 8I1 - 10I2 = 48.
We can now reduce the two equations to one with one unknown by subtracting the second from the first. This removes I2. And leaves us with…
7I1 = -28 This allows us to solve for I1…
I1 = -4
We now will solve for I2…by using this equation…3I1 - 2I2 = 4 and replacing I1 with -4 to give us this equation which simplifies to - 2I2 = 16 and allows us to solve for I2 = -8 Amps.
The minus signs for I1 & I2 indicate that the two loop currents flow in a direction opposite to that assumed; that is, they both flow counterclockwise. Loop current I1 is therefore 4 Amps in a counter clockwise direction and loop current I2 is 8 Amps also in a counter clockwise direction…The true direction of loop current I2 through resistor R3 is from C to A. The true direction of loop current I1 through resistor R3 is from A to C. Therefore, in reality, the current through R3 is (I2 - I1) or 8 - 4 = 4 A in the direction of CA.
I want to introduce you to another product that’s out there that is worthy of paying attention to. The Jackery Solar Generators are available in various capacities. Depending on the running and starting watts required, you can choose the right size of solar generator. For example, you can choose a small solar generator if you want to run laptops or cell phones or prehaps a small freezer. On the other hand, a large solar generator would be ideal for extended power outages.
To find out more about these battery generators and to keep up-to-date on any sales or discounts are available simply go to this WEB address. https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
Remember, this video has been brought to you by PSPT, where you will find electrical train training videos when you go to this web address, which will also give you a free copy of my 50 page crib sheets that you can use while viewing any of the courses or just keep handy during your every day work.
Blog #30 - Residential Battery Backup Generators
/
Did you know that major power outages in North America have increased by 67% since 2000? We've seen firsthand how devastating unexpected blackouts can be for families. Whether it's losing hundreds of dollars in spoiled food or dealing with dangerous winter outages, having a reliable backup power solution isn't just a luxury – it's becoming a necessity. In this next series of blogs, I'll walk you through the subject of residential battery backup generators, from selecting the right size to maintaining your investment.
Residential battery backup generators offer homeowners a reliable energy storage solution to ensure seamless power during outages. These advanced systems, distinct from traditional gas generators, use rechargeable batteries to store and convert electricity efficiently. Their quiet operation, minimal maintenance needs, and eco-friendly nature make them an attractive alternative for comprehensive home power management. By integrating directly with home electrical systems, these backup solutions deliver automatic, whole-house coverage and support critical appliances like HVAC and refrigerators. Whether considering Tesla Powerwall alternatives or evaluating battery backup installation, understanding their features is essential for making an informed investment in home energy security.
We will discover the best residential battery backup generators available today comparing whole-house systems, learning the essential features, and find the perfect power solution for your home.
At their core, residential battery backup generators are energy storage systems designed to provide emergency power during grid outages. They work by storing electricity in large battery banks, which can then be converted back into usable household current when the power goes out. This stored energy allows you to keep your critical home systems and appliances running until utility service is restored.
The key difference lies in the power source. Traditional gas-powered generators rely on an internal combustion engine to produce electricity, while battery backup systems use rechargeable batteries. This makes battery backups much quieter, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly than their noisy, fume-producing counterparts. Battery systems also eliminate the need to store and refuel with gasoline or propane.
Key Components: Inverter, Battery Bank, and Transfer Switch
The three essential components of a residential battery backup system are the inverter, the battery bank, and the transfer switch. The inverter converts the battery's stored DC power into usable AC electricity for your home. The battery bank is where the energy is stored, typically made up of multiple deep-cycle batteries. And the transfer switch automatically detects a grid outage and seamlessly switches your home's circuits over to the backup power.
Advantages Over Conventional Gas Generators
Beyond the benefits of noise and emissions reduction, battery backups offer several other key advantages. They require minimal maintenance, with no oil changes or tune-ups needed. They also start up instantly when the power goes out, without the delay of a gas generator. And because they're integrated directly into your me's electrical system, battery backups provide whole-house coverage, not just for individual circuits or appliances.
How Battery Backup Systems Integrate with Home Electrical Systems
Residential battery backup generators are designed to integrate directly with your home's existing electrical infrastructure. They connect to your main service panel, allowing them to automatically power critical circuits like the HVAC system, refrigerator, and essential lighting when the grid goes down. This integration also enables advanced features like load shedding and smart home integration for remote monitoring and control.
Looking at the outside of the smart panel, it looks like this…and here is where you connect, up to 3 DELTA Pro Ultras. opening the front panel to have a look inside, we see…
The Antenna used for communications
The Interlock for manual transfer of an external stand-by generator
The external stand-by Generator main circuit breaker
The Grid main circuit breaker
This is where the individual Branch circuit breakers will be located
Nothing is located here which is the Dead front cover
Located here is the Emergency stop button
Power input, output button
Three Power input, output ports
The Smart Home Panel 2 can be used to connect
to a generator.
It is also used as a sub panel, to connect with the main panel, to access grid power, which can seamlessly feed residential loads directly and, or charge the delta pro battery pacts.
At the same time, you can connect solar panels to the power station.
This smart home panel can intelligently manage all these power sources, grid, batteries, solar panels, and gas powered generators.
If you are looking for reliable power when you need it most? Look no further than the top names in portable power solutions: (The 4 sites listed below are live… Simply click on each to go there and experience special savings… There is no charge for for just looking.)
EcoFlow, https://bit.ly/3MjaFTV
Anker, https://bit.ly/4dEzzbW
Bluetti, https://bit.ly/3yxdCNE and
Jackery, https://bit.ly/3YCiw5Y
These industry leaders offer cutting-edge battery backup systems to keep you powered up during outages, outdoor adventures, or off-grid living.
EcoFlow's DELTA series provides expandable home backup power, while their RIVER line offers compact portability. Anker's PowerHouse series combines high capacity with fast charging technology. Bluetti's modular power stations scale to meet your energy needs, from camping to whole-home backup. Jackery's Explorer series delivers solar-ready power in rugged, portable packages.
Whether you need a small power bank for your devices or a whole-home backup solution, these brands have you covered. Their innovative designs, reliable performance, and versatile charging options ensure you'll never be left in the dark.
Don't wait for the next power outage to catch you unprepared. Visit the displayed WEB sites to compare the top models and find the perfect battery backup system for your needs.
Blog #29 - Y - Y Transformers...Phase to Phase from Phase to Neutral Voltages
/
This is a continuation of my series on Electromagnetism. In this blog, I will be looking at a Y - Y or star star-connected power transformers and obtaining Phase to Phase from Phase to Neutral Voltages. You can find this topic in my course entitled…“Electrical 3 Phase Power Transformers Fundamentals”. You can access this, and my other courses in my Stan store, at this web address…https://stan.store/GVB
As I have said the Star - Star Connected transformers can deliver two voltage levels on both the primary and secondary...ie Ph - Neutral or Ph - Ph. Let's look at the primary side only, for example. The secondary side is exactly the same only at different voltage levels of course. We can use the phase to neutral voltages as seen here or we can use the phase to phase voltages…The RW voltage, for example, is the difference between the R phase voltage and the W phase voltages or, R minus W which is the red phase vector plus the negative W phase vector which gives us the R to W phasor.
Similarly we can find the WB phase to phase voltage…
…and the BR phase voltage.
I want to introduce you to three vendors that I am promoting and will be promoting for the next little while. They happen to be three of the most popular power supply vendors on the market today. I will be providing links to their sites which if you use, you will be able to take advantage of a reduction in their cost price and as well…I will receive a small commission for promoting them but rest assured they are quality products. So stay tuned next three slides will provide the information that you are looking for.
First off is EcoFlow… I have introduced you to this vendor earlier and it is still one of the vendors that are on the top of my list. They have an exciting line of various power supplies which you can view and recognize a price reduction by going to this website…https://bit.ly/3MjaFTV… Remember that the address is case sensitive.
Next on the list is Anker… their range of products are similar but they also cater to the smaller output devices that are very portable. Again you can take advantage of some small sales by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisu
And finally there is Bluetti who also cater to the smaller output devices as well as having the larger standby power supplies… You can view their full range of products and again take it vantage of price reductions by going to this WEB address…https://shrsl.com/4nisy
